A Guide to Huitlacoche (Corn Mushrooms)

Huitlacoche, also known as cuitlacoche, is by far the most famous of any mushroom eaten in Latin America, with a history and tradition to rival any of the most prized wild mushrooms. If you like Mexican food and haven't had it, you're missing out on a fascinating culinary delicacy of Central America.

I grew up on a farm surrounded by corn fields stretching out as far as the eye can see, and I was taught sweet corn smut was something disgusting, a sort of plague that destroyed the fields of corn farmers.

What is Huitlacoche?

A type of corn fungus, Huitlacoche is the fruit of a fungal disease that infects corn plants. It's known as the fungus Ustilago maydis. Corn gets infected with U. maydis spores as the result of an injury or disturbance (deer nibbling corn cobs, for example) which turns the corn kernels into mushrooms known as huitlacoche galls.

History

Also known as the Mexican truffle, huitlacoche is the indigenous name derived from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs of Central Mexico. The mushrooms were prized as a food (they contain almost all essential amino acids). I've read the corn was inoculated by smearing cut corn stalks with the black inky liquid of the mushrooms.

After ears of corn are infected, individual kernels of fresh corn start to swell in size and turn grey. The kernels swell and "ripen", turning black, soft, and powdery as the fungus grows. That black mushroom powder contains the spores of the fungus that travel through the air to help the fungus spread.

Genus Ustilago

Ustilago maydis is only one of a number of fungi in the Ustilago genus that infect grasses. These fungi spread by transforming part of the host plant into a vehicle for spore production.

In China, another plant disease, Ustilago esculenta infects Chinese wild rice, but instead of the grains being the vehicle for spreading spores, it makes the stems swell. Just like U. maydis, U. esculenta (as the name esculent implies) is also harvested for food.

Commercial Sale

Huitlacoche is now grown as an alternative corn crop in the United States by some American farmers, with the mushrooms being sold through wholesalers around the year. Corn mushrooms cost around 25$ per pound: a much higher price than cultivated mushrooms, or corn, for that matter.

The majority is sold frozen. Occasionally you might see maize mushrooms at farmers’ markets in large cities. It's a seasonal product chefs from California to New York City have begun to use recently.

Canned Huitlacoche

The mushrooms are sold in small 7 oz cans, typically running about 6-8$ each. If you go to a Mexican restaurant or specialty grocery store in the United States and get the huitlacoche quesadilla, 99.9% of the time it's from a can.

Unfortunately canned huit isn't as good as the fresh product. First, the canned version is expensive and may come already seasoned. The cans also contain plenty uninfected corn that gets cut from the cob along with the mushrooms. But, if canned is all you can find (and likely will be) it'll do in a pinch.

Harvesting Huitlacoche

Depending on where you live, finding your own huit may be difficult. Having a field to hunt during the corn / rainy season makes it easier, but then the problem becomes how to find a field of organic corn you'd like to eat, since most field corn I know of is sprayed with chemicals.

Another tricky thing is unlike other mushrooms, huitlacoche patches are always moving and will concentrate where disturbances are, which brings me to the next point.

Finding the disturbance. You're looking for things that have disturbed the natural cycle of corn growth. Here's quick list of the most common I see.

1. Edges of fields where deer feed
2. Corn fields damaged by hail and inclement weather
3. Fields recently flooded or that are prone to flooding

Choose dry, grey ears that seem firm to the touch. Vendors in Mexico often wrap ears in newspaper to insulate them. Once the ears are harvested, chill or process within a 2-3 days. Huitlacoche is delicate, and heavy rain will quickly ruin it, giving mushy kernels oozing a black, inky liquid.

Just like other mushrooms, insects like to eat these so make sure to inspect your cobs. Looking for holes in the husk is a good way of telling if grubs and bugs are inside.

Stages of ripeness

There's a perfect window for harvesting, but the size of that window can depend on cultural preference. Underripe, the infected corn kernels will be too bitter and unpalatable. Too ripe they become increasingly brittle and could turn to a pile of mush on the car ride home.

What you want are ears with firm, plump kernels. It's fine if the kernels have a little black on them, which is common. Mushrooms exposed to air will deteriorate faster, so if mushrooms at the top of a cob look past prime, peeling the husk down can give you reveal fresher kernels underneath.

I have to mention the indigenous harvesting preferences. Typically, most people, even mushroom enthusiasts would say that wet or black huitlacoche is probably not good for the table. But, there's plenty of videos online of indigenous people harvesting corn smut that is grey, plump and perfect as I mentioned before, as well as old, slimy looking, or pure black.

The kernels turn a dark hue and evolve into powdery black spores as they mature. The process of turning black isn't bacterial decomposition, it's a natural enzymatic process used to spread spores. In mushroom speak, it's known as "deliquescing".

Corn smut isn't the only mushroom to turn black and gooey, and a nearly identical analogy can be found in shaggy mane mushrooms, which can also be used as food after they deliquesce, assuming they're cooked.

How to Cook Huitlacoche

The huitlacoche taste is interesting. It has an earthy flavor, with a slight bitterness and a not-unpleasant metallic taste, sometimes, but not always followed by a corn-like sweetness.

It's a strong flavor that some people won't like, which you can say about most things people call a delicacy.

If you don't like it at first, don't give up until you've tried it a few different ways. The more I read about the history and tradition the more I wanted to find delicious ways to cook it.

Preserving by Freezing or Drying

Huitlacoche is perishable and susceptible to moisture, so you want to process it quickly after it's harvested. Freezing is my first choice, but drying works too.

Freezing is the best way (as well as the easiest) is to preserve the mushrooms. Put the kernels into a vacuum bag, seal and freeze. Frozen corn mushrooms can be cooked directly from frozen, or thawed and cooked. Once they thaw they'll quickly start to release liquid.

If you work quickly, corn mushrooms can be dehydrated. I haven't come across any traditional recipes using the dried mushrooms, but they work just fine.

To cook with the dried mushrooms, soak in water to cover, then add the water and the soaked mushrooms to recipes where you'd use it. 1 oz of dried huitlacoche will be a good substitute for two cups of fresh mushrooms, or 8 oz.

Huitlacoche Recipes

There's a variety of dishes the mushrooms are traditionally used in. As the mushrooms often stand in for meat, they make a good vegetarian taco, especially with cheese. I've even seen huitlacoche ice cream.

Huitlacoche Quesadillas

Mushrooms simmered with onion and tomato in a flour tortilla with Oaxaca cheese are the most popular I've seen, but pupusas, stuffed masa cakes, and tamales are all great.

Corn Mushroom Choriqueso

Corn mushroom and chorizo sausage baked with cheese, eaten with chip makes a great dip for parties.

Simple Huitlacoche Tacos

The classic recipe. Mushroom sauteed with jalapeno, onion and tomato, eaten with fresh tortillas.

Smoked Shank Stew with Huitlacoche and Tepary Beans

A smoky stew with corn mushrooms, beans and hominy in a chili broth. Inspired by traditional recipes.

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