Highbush Cranberries

Highbush cranberries are a delicious, tart wild fruit that taste a bit like cranberries. In this post I tell you everything you need to know about harvesting and cooking with these.

Originally I thought Highbush cranberries were the most disgusting, stinking, fetid-scented foraged fruit I've ever tried. At least they were until I found out the truth about them. I mean what would you ever want to make with a fruit that tastes like the essence of wet dog, with a lingering bitter aftertaste strong enough to ruin your next meal?

Below: unripe highbush cranberries start out yellow, eventually turning red.

Two Types, Two Flavors 

There's actually more than two, types, but for the purpose of this post, I'm only discussing the two I see the most: Viburnum opulus and Viburnum trilobum. There's other edible viburnums too, like nannyberries (Viburnum lentago).

Highbush cranberries are confusing, first, as they aren't really a cranberry at all, as true cranberries are in the blueberry family or Vaccinium which makes small low-growing bushy plants, while highbush cranberry is a Viburnum, which are small shrubs similar in size to fruit trees, more similar to something like Armelenchier, or serviceberries.

The shrubs are attractive, and good for birds as they fruit many berries dependably each season. I've even harvested berries as late as January, since they'll dependably stay on the shrub, sometimes months after the growing season has ended.

Guelder rose vs Highbush Cranberry

So why doesn't anyone pick them? Why the conflicting accounts of widely variable flavors? In short, because there's more than one type, and telling them apart with the naked eye is difficult unless you know exactly what you're looking for.

The tasty and native North American highbush cranberry is Viburnum trilobum, the European / Asiatic imposter is Viburnum opulus, commonly called the "Guelder Rose". How do you tell them apart you ask? Easy. taste one. (The other way to tell them apart that's been explained to me is that American highbush cranberry has convex, or rounded glands near the base of the leaf, where European ones will have flat or sunken ones). 

Some like the bitter fruit 

Over the years now I've gotten lots of comments from people with Eastern European heritage about these. One friend of mine from Russia insists that the European species tastes fine and palatable macerated in vodka. I disagree.

For reference, I've been told that the Russian name for highbush cranberries is "Kalina" whereas typical cranberries are "Klyukva". The same person also mentioned that the Kalina were made into a pie or strudel in her family. 

Just because you find a couple trees that are next to each other, and one tastes good, don't expect all of them to taste the same. I regularly find native Highbush cranberries hidden here and there among European ones which seem more common in my area. Be warned, just a few berries from the European shrub can ruin whatever you're making.

True American highbush cranberries, and the related, superior cultivars I've tasted will all have a pleasant, tangy taste, not bitter, or stinky. American highbush cranberries may have a gentle hint of the funk of the European, but it's not offensive, and the cultivars I've tasted from Sam Thayer's orchard (huge in comparison to others, nearly the size of grapes!) had no hint of it at all. 

ID tips for getting the right ones

In his first book The Forager's Harvest Sam Thayer describes a few extra botanical characteristics you can use to separate the two species. V. trilobum also has larger leaves with less teeth, and thicker, lighter colored twigs.

Plant Your Own, But Don't Necessarily Trust a Nursery

Highbush cranberries are a great addition to an edible yard or food forest. There's been growing interest in planting native highbush cranberries over the years, and I know Sam Thayer, who I learned about these from in person and through his books, occasionally sells native highbush cranberry transplants.

Unfortunately, sellers and nurseries in the Midwest have been known to mid-identify the bitter, wet-dog tasting European imposters for our Native highbush cranberries, labeling them as such, and further confusing people about the edibility of the plant in general. So, do your research before buying saplings and planting.

Harvesting

Gather the berries in the fall, or, if you have access to some, early winter. Make sure to taste berries from different trees if it's your first time. If it's been rainy and windy, or the berries are in a sandy location, I may rinse them before processing. Often the berries are clean and don't need a rinse though. 

Do you have to remove the stems? 

Not necessarily, and I know plenty of people that don't. If you have a large harvest, if may be easier to just pick the clusters, stem and all off the shrubs. If you leave the stems on, you may want to simply mash them without using a handblender as I recommend in the juicing method below. 

Cooking / Juicing

You're not going to make compote out of these. Like other Viburnaceae, highbush cranberries have a single, flat seed, and they need to be removed before you can work with the product.

You can extract the liquid by juicing, but don't even think about putting them into a juicer. Just like aronia berries, and nannyberries, these will need to be cooked (in this case mashed) with a little water and strained. See the recipe at the bottom of the page for an idea of what to do.

Avoiding bitter juice 

Unlike aronia berries, if you boil highbush cranberries with water to extract a juice, it will be bitter. Small batches I've done were less bitter, but especially if you have a large batch of these, you will definitely want to do a cold-extraction. The seed coming into contact with heat seems to be the culprit. You may get slightly less juice using a cold method, but the flavor will be worth it. Trust me. 

Preservation

Highbush cranberry juice can be frozen. Jams, jellies, and sauces made from it can be canned and cooked in a water bath.

As far as extracting the juice to cook with, here's two ways I've done it. Sam Thayer reccomends a cold extraction, since some of the funkiness of the berries, even tasty species, can come out if the seeds are simmered with the juice.

The hot method is slightly easier than the cold, but they've both made fine products. The slight funk pairs very well with stinky blue cheeses.

Recipes 

• Highbush Cranberry Tkemali
• Highbush Cranberry Vodka 
• Highbush Cranberry Hot Sauce
• Highbush Cranberry Ginger Jelly
• Highbush Cranberry Sauce