Wild Parsnip

Wild parsnip is undoubtedly one of the most misunderstood plants in the world. In North America, the plant is seen as a scourge and a terrifying weed that can only be killed by Round-Up or other herbicides.

Get ready for some forager myth-busting, because I'm going to show you the truth: the plant some people call poison parsnip is not the demon it's made out to be-it's actually edible, tastes great, and is a direct descendant of garden parsnip.

The Truth

The truth is going to be hard for a few people. As with all wild foods, one of the most useful things is the Latin name of the ingredient in question, and this is especially useful with feral parsnips.

The Latin name of wild parsnip is Pastinaca sativa. Confusingly, the Latin name of garden parsnip also Pastinaca sativa, and now you probably understand where I'm going with this. Simply put, wild parsnip and garden parsnip are literally the same plant, identical in nearly every way on the species level, and the two plants will cross-pollinate.

Spring dug parsnip — Cultivated, spring-dug parsnips, from a local farmer. These are essentially the same species of plant that grows wild.

You might be thinking: "That's not true!" "Wild parsnip is dangerous, garden parsnips are not, I know because I've eaten them!". The fact is that Latin doesn't lie, it just takes a little digging, literally and figuratively, to see why there's such a dichotomy in the information available on the plant. Think of it this way: both wild and cultivated parsnips are potentially dangerous, but also edible.

"Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa is exactly the same plant as garden parsnip, it just happens to grow wild". Samuel Thayer, The Forager's Harvest.

History

Originally from Eurasia, parsnips have been used as a vegetable since ancient times, and, like other wild plants I eat and enjoy, it was probably brought over by European immigrants coming to North America as food, as was likely the case with watercress, wild carrot, garlic mustard, and others.

Just like with the other plants, someone probably planted parsnips in their garden those parsnips escaped cultivation, spreading around the country.

Wild parsnip basal rosette in the spring (Pastinaca sativa)

The Rash

What most people are concerned about is that wild parsnip can cause intense rashes/burns and blisters. The fact is, parsnip is only one of a number of related plants that can do this in the carrot family Apiaceae.

The wild parsnip rash is caused by compounds called furanocoumarins in juices from the above-ground (green) parts of the plant, activating if they come into contact with skin in the sunlight. The exposure to sunlight is also why the rash is called "photodermatitis".

From what I know, depending on the extent of exposure, these rashes and blisters can be mild or intense requiring hospitalization, in bad cases, taking years for the affected area to heal and return to normal. I've had rashes from cow parsnip and angelica, which are similar, but they were only an inconvenience. I've never personally gotten a rash from harvesting wild parsnip.

Spring Soup aux pistou with ramp pistou — Wild parsnip greens can give you a rash. Wild parsnip roots are good in soup.

This sounds alarming, but it's helpful to step back and think critically about it. For example (and this is a common one) if someone goes out into their field and uses a weed whacker to remove wild parsnip, the plant juices are going to fly all over the place and can easily cover large parts of the person's exposed skin during the sunlight, which will cause rashes.

Not only is trying to remove wild parsnip with a weed whacker dangerous, it's also inefficient. Since the root of the plant is underground, cutting off the green photosynthesizing parts that feeds it will only spur new growth, similar to if you trim a patch of herbs.

Wild parsnip leaves (Pastinaca sativa) — A key ID feature is that the leaves aren't parallel with the stem, called being "out of plane".

Mis-identification

Part of the reason I think wild parsnip is so demonized is that there's a number of plants with similar names, all of which can cause phototoxic burns and could be confused with one another if someone isn't familiar with the plants. Essentially, wild parsnip can get the bad rap of not one, but multiple plants.

The most common plants that can be confused with wild parsnip I know of are probably giant hogweed (Heracleum monteggazianum) and cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum and others). Wild carrot and it's dangerous cousins like hemlocks have a casual remblance too, but their leaves are much more finely divided and resemble carrot leaves from a grocery store.

Wild parsnip leaves vs carrot leaves — Left: wild parsnip leaves. Right: garden carrot leaves.

Hogweed and cow parsnip can give burns similar to wild parsnip, but, just like parsnip, both plants also have a long tradition being used as food dating back at least to the Middle Ages, and likely long before.

cow-parsnip-blossoms — Cow parsnip, a native North American plant, will also give people a rash. It's also a traditional food plant.

Angelica, another related plant, will also give a rash if the sap of the green parts gets on your skin, and, just like the others, also has a long tradition of being used as a food.

And, if that isn't enough to sway your prejudice, common garden celery, the same celery sitting in the produce section of your grocery store, is related to parsnips, and can also give a rash to some people who have a sensitivity to it. Read that last sentence again.

Wild Angelica atropurpurea with blossoms — Angelica atropurpurea, one of many related plants in the genus that's related to wild parsnip. Angelica sap will give you a rash too, and also has a long history of use as a food and medicinal.

How to remove

Obviously, using a weed whacker to clear out wild parsnip is not only dangerous, but is only a temporary cure that doesn't' do much to eradicate the plant, although removing the green parts before they produce seeds can help to slow the spread.

To remove wild parsnips from an area, the most efficient, natural way I've found is to dig up the roots, which kills the plant and stops them from reproducing. Once the roots are dug up, you can carefully cut the green leaves from the plant and discard them.

You want to dig the roots in the spring, since there will be less of the above-ground parts of the plant that could give you a burn, which means you'll need to be able to identify young parsnip leaves. After you dig the roots, there will be dormant seeds that may continue to sprout for a while, but eventually they will cease with some casual maintenance.

Small wild parsnip with root — You'll get a variety of sizes digging wild parsnips. Small rosettes will have small roots.

Harvesting

Just like garden parsnip, there's specific times when the roots are good to dig to eat. Basically, you want to dig the plants when they're in the basal rosette stage and not making flower stalks, which means they should be dug in the fall or spring.

Harvesting the roots in the summer when they're showing their flower stalks and green seeds heads will give you lackluster, limp, unappealing parsnips you won't enjoy.

Dig after a rain

It's easiest to dig roots when the ground is wet, so if you find patches in hard ground, remind yourself to go back the day after a good rain.

Edible Parts

Just like garden parsnips, wild parsnip has a number of edible parts you can eat, and some of them might surprise you.

Leaves

The leaves of wild parsnip are edible, and can be cooked as you would carrot greens. I haven't ever had a problem eating them, but one person has mentioned they gave her a scratchy throat-a relatively common sensitivity with many foods. If you harvest wild parsnip greens, make sure to wear gloves and not the the plant's juices on your exposed skin.

Parsnip leaf salad with wild Szechuan peppercorn / prickly ash dressing recipe — Szechuan inspired wild parsnip leaf salad.

Roots

The roots of wild parsnip can be cooked in any way you would use regular parsnips, but they take a little more care and cleaning. The big differences being wild parsnip roots will have irregular shapes and sizes according to the terrain.

I also peel wild parsnips, where with grocery store parsnips I may not if the skin is thin. The core and rind of feral parsnips will also be more noticeable in wild plants, and I've had some that taste a little spicy, but that seems to fades after cooking.

Seeds

One of the more interesting things about the plants and some of their relatives, is that the seeds can be used as a spice. In Persian cuisine, the seeds of Heracleum sphondyllium are known as golpar and used to season legumes, among other things.

Over my years of experimenting with different wild plants, I noticed that the seeds of wild parsnip are nearly identical in flavor and can be used as a substitute for golpar, although they're smaller in size than Heracleum seed.

cow parsnip seeds wild parsnip seeds — L: cow parsnip seeds R: wild parsnip seeds. Both can be used interchangeably as the spice known as golpar.

The best part, is that if you find wild fennel seeds when the plant is dried from the sun, you can harvest them without worry as the above-ground portion of the plant no longer contains the rash-causing compounds.

Cooking

Wild parsnips can be cooked anyway you would use regular parsnips. The biggest thing to know is that you should expect some variation depending on where you dig them.

If wild parsnips are growing in a ground that's very rocky, the roots may split or fork, and can be tricky to work with or clean. I usually use them as a soup vegetable.

Cow Parsnip: Identification, Edible Parts, and Cooking

Resources

The Forager's Harvest, by Sam Thayer