Name: Sumerian-Inspired Pigeon Soup with Barley
Prep time: 30 min
Cook time: 120 min
Ingredients: 4 Whole pigeons (plucked or skinned ); ½ teaspoon freshly ground cumin seed (plus more to taste); 1 teaspoon freshly ground coriander (plus more to taste); Kosher salt and fresh ground black pepper (to taste); 8 oz leek (tender parts only, diced ½ inch); 1 oz wild onion greens or chives (1/2 cup) (divided ); 4 oz scallions, green garlic, or young onions (2 bunches) ( sliced into 1/4 inch rounds, divided ); 1 tablespoon crushed dried ramp leaves (optional, do not substitute garlic powder); 2 Tablespoon minced garlic (3-4 large cloves ); 1/2 cup hulled barley, toasted for 15-20 minutes at 325 F or until golden (or 1.5 cups cooked ); 5 cups chicken stock or water; 2 tablespoons lard or cooking oil; 1 cup light tasting beer (a little bitterness is ok, but avoid strong IPAs etc); ½ cup mild tasting beer (don’t use a fancy one); Extra virgin olive oil (for serving (optional)); Dash of vinegar (preferably homemade, like apple cider or beer vinegar); Fresh chopped cilantro, for finishing (optional )

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Sumerian pigeon soup is a love letter on pigeons being worthy for the table, and an example of how I get inspired by historical texts. I like variety, and my collection of food references spans everything from Greco-Roman Apicius, Archestratus, and Byzantine Geoponika, to the more modern A Discourse of Sallets and The Little House on the Prairie, to name a few favorites. I love all my old books, and each is a useful lense for looking at food in it’s own way.

Professor Ken Albala’s Food in History is one of my favorite Great Courses. Link to the course at the bottom of this post.

Our pigeon soup recipe isn’t from any of those books, it’s not even from a book at all. The original dish is from one of the most ancient food references on the planet: a 4000 year-old Sumerian cuneiform tablet I learned about from Professor and Author Ken Albala in his consumate addition to the Great Courses: The History of Food – Understanding Food Culture and History. If you have Audible, just download it and thank me later—it’s great to listen to while you cook dinner. I think I’m on my 4th listen. Here’s the recipe I wrote down from Professor Albala, direct from the tablet:

Credit: Yale Babylonian Collection

Amorsanu Pigeon Broth

“Split the pigeon in two, other meat is also used. Prepare water, add fat, salt to taste, breadcrumbs, onion, samidu (possibly semolina) leek, garlic. Before using, soak these herbs in milk and it is ready to serve”.

A similar translation from the tablets for lamb soup. Credit: Laphams Quarterly.

How I create recipes inspired by old books

So, I’ve never made a recipe verbatim from any old book, and I don’t know if I would, as much for the fact that most don’t contain quantities for the fact that I rarely follow any recipe verbatim sans pastry. I also don’t think most people are going to make Sumerian pigeon soup, and that’s ok.

Pigeons are rats of the sky to some. I think the patterns in most feathers are beautiful, no matter the bird.

Cooking with constraints

What’s helpful here, what I’m trying to share with you, is an understanding of how the constraints you apply to your cooking and how you select your ingredients can transport your tongue to different times and places. A yellow onion grown in the United States is going to taste the same as one grown in China, more or less, it’s the subtlety of the supporting ingredients and techniques alongside them that make dishes made with them that can steer a dish in the direction you want.

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What I often do for conceptual dishes like this (hyper-local food is another example), is make a recipe that will taste good, applying constraints I think are appropriate for the time, region, or whatever I’m trying to showcase. Boiling a whole pigeon with some onions and then adding some unknown herbs soaked in milk doesn’t really excite me. But, adding an ingredient or two cooks would have commonly used at the time, and tweaking the technique a bit so I know what the result will be is a good way to hedge the bet.

Historical fun aside, the basic recipe is a great primer for making simple stew from whole pigeons

Less is more, and unnecessary ingredients can muddy a meal. For example, the other day I was showing someone how I make Indian saag with shrimp, and they asked if they could season the shrimp with soy sauce. I quickly told them soy sauce was not an option, and we used salt, pepper and melted coconut oil instead. Little things matter. Here’s some bullets on what I did here.

I brown the carcasses to deepen the flavor of the broth.

Notes

Historical fun aside, the basic recipe is a great primer for making simple stew from whole pigeons
Ken says he doesn’t know what “samidu” is, some other references claim it’s semolina, some an “unknown spice”. I’m in the semolina camp (here’s a helpful list of ingredients with cognates from nearby languages). What I know for sure, is that ancient cooks in the region also relied heavily on barley, so that’s what I used here, toasted golden to bring out it’s flavor.
Beer was heavily used in cooking (and consumed regularly since fermentation made it safer than water) so I add some for a base note.
Water can work, but you’ll always get a deeper flavor from starting with broth.
I brown the pigeons instead of just boiling them for a deeper flavor.
Coriander and cumin were heavily used at the time, so I use both spices here, along with fresh cilantro leaves.
Typically I’ll finish light soups like this with a dash of lemon juice at the end, but since they weren’t introduced to Egypt for another 2000 years after the tablets were carved, I use vinegar, which was definitely available.

I add a handful of fresh scallions at the end to keep some of their color and bright flavor.

The importance of onions

The Fertile Crescent, with it’s flood plains and rich flat lands had the perfect growing environment for leeks and alliums, and they’re omnipresent in many of the dishes I read about. Onions were worshipped as symbols of eternal life in Egypt, and they’re the backbone of the soup besides pigeon or meat, so a big takeaway of the concept here is to use a big variety of onions—whatever you have.

Egyptian walking onions probably weren’t traditional, but you could definitely use some here. I love these.

Fun aside: I don’t see enough evidence to assume “Egyptian” walking onions were a cultivar originating from Mesopotamia, but Allium kurrat (Egyptian leek) is, and should date back at least 2500 years there.

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5 from 5 votes

Sumerian-Inspired Pigeon Soup with Barley

Pigeon soup inspired by cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia. It's a good primer on how to make soup out of a pigeon. Serves 4 as an entrée

Prep Time30 mins

Cook Time2 hrs

Course: Appetizer, Main Course

Cuisine: Egyptian, Sumerian

Servings:

Ingredients

Pigeons

4 Whole pigeons plucked or skinned
½ teaspoon freshly ground cumin seed plus more to taste
1 teaspoon freshly ground coriander plus more to taste
Kosher salt and fresh ground black pepper to taste

Alliums (just use as much variety as you can)

8 oz leek tender parts only, diced ½ inch
1 oz wild onion greens or chives (1/2 cup) divided
4 oz scallions, green garlic, or young onions (2 bunches) sliced into 1/4 inch rounds, divided
1 tablespoon crushed dried ramp leaves optional, do not substitute garlic powder
2 Tablespoon minced garlic 3-4 large cloves

Broth

1/2 cup hulled barley, toasted for 15-20 minutes at 325 F or until golden or 1.5 cups cooked
5 cups chicken stock or water
2 tablespoons lard or cooking oil
1 cup light tasting beer a little bitterness is ok, but avoid strong IPAs etc
½ cup mild tasting beer don’t use a fancy one
Extra virgin olive oil for serving (optional)
Dash of vinegar preferably homemade, like apple cider or beer vinegar
Fresh chopped cilantro, for finishing optional

Instructions

Pigeons

Plucking the pigeons is optional, but allows you to brown them deeper than if they’re skinned.*
Pluck the pigeons, but avoid the head, feet and wing tips—it’s a pain. If you want, peel the heads and add them to the broth.
Use a poultry shears to remove the back bone, then extract the offal and discard everything but the liver and heart. Chop the liver and heart fine and reserve. Season the pigeons liberally with salt, cumin, coriander and reserve. Refrigerate the pigeons overnight.

Brown the pigeons

In a gallon-sized pot, heat the lard and add the pigeons, cooking on medium heat, turning occasionally, until they start to give up their juice and a crust begins to form on the bottom of the pan. After 20 minutes deglaze with the beer.

Build the soup

Add the water, garlic, ramps if using and leeks, along with half the onion greens and scallions, bring to a simmer and cook for 1.5-2 hours, or until the bones move freely from the joints. Skim impurities and fat here and there as it cooks. Cool the broth to room temperature, then remove the pigeons, pick the meat and coarsely chop. Discard the skin and bones.
Meanwhile, cook the barley in 4x it's volume of water, then rinse with cold water to remove excess starch which will cloud the broth and reserve.

Serving

Heat the broth and add the cilantro, scallions, reserved wild onion greens along with the pigeon meat and offal, heat through, double check the seasoning, adjust as needed until it tastes good, paying special attention to the flavor of coriander, which should be more forward than the cumin.
Finish with a dash of vinegar to taste and a drizzle of nice olive oil, preferably Middle Eastern (Palestinian oils are nice)

Notes

*Use skinned pigeons if it’s easier here, especially since you’ll be discarding the skin. Just be careful not to brown them to hard since it could dry the meat out.
*You can streamline this by adding the barley to the finished broth and allowing it to cook while you pick the meat from the pigeons, although the broth will be less clear.

More Recipes Inspired by Old Texts

Meat Garum

Spaghetti with Colatura

Roman Nettle Patina

Sumerian Pigeon Soup