Garlic mustards tell-tale kidney shaped leaves and garlicky scent give it away. It may look cute, edible and harmless, but to local plants its a plague.
When I walk through the maple hardwood forests of Minnesota and Wisconsin in the Spring, saying hi to all the plants I haven't seen for a year, the nettles, cress, waterleaf, ramps, spring beauty, sochan, and all the others, I get excited--finding them is like seeing an old friend. Not so with garlic mustard.
Unlike most of the foraging posts about edible plants on this site, this post is less about eating, and more about removal, eradication, or destruction by napalm. Garlic mustard is not a friendly food plant, it's a scourge, and a very real threat to the spring ephemerals like ramps, toothwort, spring beauty, trout lily and other plants I treasure, so, while you might see the occasional recipe using garlic mustard here, I will publish it through spiteful clenched teeth, with a heavy dose of vitriolic seasoning.
In the spring, deep green basal rosettes of garlic mustard give it away. This is a good time to remove the plant--roots and all!
An Invasive Noxious Plant
Garlic mustard is not a native plant in the United States, and, knowing how most of my peers in Europe think of it, the most likely scenario of it's arrival was probably brought over by Europeans as a food plant, like watercress, and plenty of garden ornamentals like buckthorn or creeping bellflower that quickly went feral and spread.
Watercress is one thing. It may spread, but it's contained to water, and, if someone is really dedicated, they might be able to remove it, and keep it gone, all by themselves, depending on the size of the body of water it inhabits. Not so with garlic mustard. Garlic mustard comes up quickly in the spring, encroaching on native plants and eventually crowding them out. It's horribly aggressive, a prolific seeder, and, to me, amounts to nothing less than a woodland plague for anyone who values native plants in North America, including the Department of Natural Resources.
Garlic mustard sprouts. These are the first year plants, and a good indication you have a problem.
Naturalized in Europe, not the U.S.
Now, friends of mine from Europe, when they see garlic mustard in the United States tend to get excited to see a familiar food plant--they don't usually see it as the plague others might. The reason is that in Europe, garlic mustard has it's place in the food chain, so to speak. Over there, where it's a native plant, it's widely appreciated as a food plant, and it doesn't spread as virulently as it does in North America, since it's held in check by other plants, having formed a natural sort of equilibrium.
Over time in North America, garlic mustard will eventually become naturalized, and become part of the local flora, but the devastation it will cause along the way has the potential to brutalize and possibly endanger or eradicate other, indigenous, rare and valued North American plants. Rest assured, the sort of natural balance we need in North America to control garlic mustard will never be seen in either of our lifetimes.
Allellopathy
If being an aggressive, invasive plant that can crowd out native flora wasn't enough, garlic mustard has an extra weapon it uses against other plants. Allellopathy (as far as I know garlic mustards allellopathic properties are only suspected) is where a plant produces chemicals or compounds that can help inhibit the growth of other plants in the area. That, combined with it's prolific seeding, spells bad news for native plants.
A cluster of flower buds, or a raab. This means the plant will soon go to seed--time to pull it, then kill it with fire!
Removal / Management
Some of my peers may say things like "eat the invasives" or be an "invasive eater"--just eat the garlic mustard and celebrate it as the food plant it is. That's all well and good, and I appreciate the sentiment, but honestly, while plucking a few garlic mustard leaves here and there to post on your Instagram might make you look like you're helping, that mentality is more delusionally vain than anything, and you're more than likely not going to make an actual difference in the polyculture of your local woods. Y'hear?!
I don't condone using herbicides, but, with garlic mustard and buckthorn, I'll be honest, the trade off between killing the plant using chemicals to restore native flora is a seductive ethical choice I've considered. It is very, very hard to remove or control garlic mustard in any way shape or form by human hands alone. But, with careful, regular, attention, it can be managed. Note that I say managed, and not cured.
Garlic mustard showing flowers and seed pods. You want to pull it before you see these. At this stage the plant is too tough and old to be enjoyable.
A Biennial
Just like burdock, garlic mustard is a biennial, meaning each plant goes through two years of growth. First year plants will appear as teeny tiny sprouts--nearly imperceptible unless you're looking for them. Second year plants are the ones that will grow tall flower stalks, creating seeds to spread the plant--those are the ones you must pull.
To manage garlic mustard without Round Up, you're going to need a few things: a few friends, a few afternoons, a few years, and most importantly, specific timing. Here's a few helpful bullets.
Management Tips
- Most importantly, pull the garlic mustard BEFORE IT MAKES SEEDS. If you don't, your efforts will stop some seeds from spreading, but it will be far less effective than if you can catch it beforehand. If you pick it late, expect to have to remove double or more the next year. If you're not familiar, garlic mustard seeds are similar to mustard seeds, and are borne in long, thin pods along the flower stalk.
- Organize garlic mustard pulls, and bring as many friends as you can. Promise your helpers food and alcohol for a better showing.
- Pull each garlic mustard plant up ROOT AND ALL. Just clipping leaves won't do anything.
- Do not compost garlic mustard or it could spread by seed. Put the garlic mustard in black trashbags and allow to die, painfully slow, in the sun. You could also incinerate it, or otherwise call your local priest to excise it.
- Return occasionally to check on the progress of the plants and notice new seedlings, or colonies that were missed.
- Return the next year and repeat to remove second year plants. Then return the next year.
With regular pulling by groups of dedicated people, you can make a difference in your local woods., and eventually, with regular pulling, you can and will deplete the seed bank held by the colony of plants. I'll be honest though, the battle against garlic mustard is a slow, arduous slog, and it will not be over quickly, so if you spot it on your property or nearby, be wary. If you want to control it and keep a healthy biologically diverse woodland, you're going to have a new hobby for the next few years.
Further Reading
MN DNR on Garlic Mustard Management
Garlic Mustard and Allelopathy
A review of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) as an allelopathic plant
Impacts and treatment of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata): application of research to populations in the Portland, Oregon metro area
Allelopathy as an Invasive Mechanism for the Invasive Species Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard)
Nik Olson
One of the thing I do with garlic mustard is make pesto by the pint. I don't add any more garlic to it but I figure I can pick it until I'm sick of it then put it on toast or with pasta. just the greens, salt, pepper, Parmesan or other hard cheese, some walnuts or pecans and olive oil. it goes pretty fast in a food processor, then I put it in a jar, top it with a little oil and freeze it. I looked today there is some just getting buds on. if you pick after it rains sometimes the roots pull out and you can put those in a bucket to bake in the sun before composting.
Collin
Do you know the policy of the MN DNR on pulling these on public land? I tend to uproot them when I'm foraging and wonder if I'm breaking the law as I'm pulling living plant material. Obviously there's a big difference between ramps and garlic mustard, but I wonder how the law sees it.
Alan Bergo
I can't speak specifically to the MN laws. You should pull it whenever and wherever you see it, as much as you're able. If the law would read as such to limit someone harvesting garlic mustard, I would ignore it completely. Some laws are very byzantine and need updating, butternut regulations being a perfect example: the tree is endangered because of butternut canker, but because of how the laws read, not even our own state nursery can attempt to propagate the tree.
Dave J Taft
Thank you for your comments and sophisticated understanding of Garlic Mustard's "presence" in North America. I work for the National Park Service in NYC...for many years, the plant (SOMEHOW) did not exist in the refuge where I work. After some extensive (and misguided) "revegetation" efforts, it has been introduced.
Today, I went out and bitterly (as you say) yanked as many of the second year rosettes as I could...sadly, it is so prolific, I realize how futile my efforts are, and just how lucky we were not to have this plant for so long.
Please publish more recipes! I'm going to make your ricotta with garlic mustard...but other recipes would be welcome too.
Alan Bergo
Thanks Dave, unfortunately I don't know how much more garlic mustard content will get put in here. I really dislike the plant, the stems can be alright though.
Renee west
Good take on garlic mustard, I feel the same way. Eat it if I see it, but I hate the plant.
Alan Bergo
Yep not my favorite plant. Almost time to pull it in the ramp patch.
Samuel Schaperow
In some ways unfortunate for the plant, John Kallas wrote an excellent chapter on garlic mustard. He showed how it is one of the most nutritious leafy greens ever analyzed. He also showed how to deliciously to use it raw with beans, raisins, vinegar, and a little seasoning. We've made loads and loads of that recipe. It can also be boiled to change it to a mild leafy green. The young plants are tender, and there is a technique to gather leaves very quickly from older plants, with the leaves being versatile, especially of chopped. The pesto people have done is okay. They can also be delicious if dehydrated and adding ingredients that include nutritional yeast. This may be the one plant most worthy of reconsideration.
Alan Bergo
Yeah, I know I come across a little pointed in regards to the plant, but with good reason. People need to understand that the trends on social media of claiming to do good by eating it doesn't make a difference at all if they're only removing the above-ground portion of the plant. I'm actually planning an event in a month focused specifically on teaching people what they can make with it in collaboration with a conservation group in MN.
When we're discussing a non-native, highly invasive plant like GM, I think it's better to be a little alarmist than say, "oh, eventually it will naturalize itself". Naturalization won't happen in our lifetime, and by the time it happens, whole swaths of native plants it's encroaching on could be extinct.
Sara Kuebbing
Hi Alan,
I was excited to read your post, and a little about your background! I am an ecologist who has been working to stem the tide of "eat the invasives" campaigns that suggest that we can use culinary solutions to cure some of these widespread and highly invasive species. I agree that many of them are good to eat and that harvesting can be an effective activity for educating people about invasive species, but I think that there are many downsides to these campaigns that are important to recognize. It's so good to know that there are talented chefs and foragers out there who are spreading the same message! Thank you! - Sara
Alan Bergo
Thanks Sara. I couldn't agree more. People have the best intentions (although sometimes they just want likes) but they need to know the truth.