A beautiful Gyromitra brunnea–the “Elephant Ear” Gyromitra. Gyromitra are stunning mushrooms, and edible, with caution, but you need to know your species.
Behold Gyromitra, scourge of the morel hunter, the terror of Spring!
I can still remember the first time I saw one, I felt insulted. I knew they were deadly from seeing a picture of them with a skull and crossbones in a guide, even seeing them was scary.
They were some sort of desecration of my morel patch, an abomination. I remember stomping on all of them with angry fear, damn right I was going to destroy every single one of them. I was even uneasy cleaning them out of the soles of my boots. Later that year I saw something strange. I’d put up a couple posts on poisonous mushrooms to help round out the collection of basic ID posts on mushrooms I’ve done for this site.
Gyromitra caroliniana are large, handsome mushrooms.
The first post I put up was a basic one on Gyromitra, the family of mushrooms known casually as false morels, death verpas, false peckerheads, beefsteak mushrooms, brain fungus, reds, etc, with a couple pictures and paragraphs. I would expect the post to get more traffic during morel season, which it did, but when I looked at keywords people were using that led them to the site I was shocked, there were a number of combinations like the following:
- “False morel, how to eat/cook”
- “Best way to eat false morel, beefsteak mushroom”
- “Cooking/eating brain fungus mushroom”
- “Best false morel recipe”
Gyromitra korfii. Edible when cooked. I blanch them, but some people don’t.
People have eaten false morels, around the world, for a long time
Even a few searches for eating a poisonous mushroom would be a little odd, but the kicker was the geographic density of the searches. The vast majority of the searches for cooking Gyromitra were coming from different parts of Michigan, and most of them on the Upper Peninsula. Now I was curious.
I didn’t understand, shouldn’t they all be dead? What was going on? About this time, I lost myself hunting morels and forgot about the Gyromitra for a couple years, until I had a conversation with my friend Patrick, the most experienced mushroom hunter I know, and a well connected member of our local mycological society.
These are the size of Gyromitra korfii I like to pick for eating. About the size of a childs fist.
Consumption in Europe
He told me the story of a friend, an old doctor of Finnish descent, and the family doctor to his wife during her chThe doctor, like a lot of people close to their European ancestry, loves hunting his mushrooms.
The doctor’s favorite were Gyromitra. He’d told Patrick stories of markets in Finland where dried Gyromitra are piled up to the ceiling for sale, and to boot, Patrick’s wife can remember dining on fried Gyromitra in her youth at the doctor’s house with her family. By Patrick’s wager, the doctor has probably eaten the mushrooms every year for around 50 years, and similar stories are not hard to find doing a simple internet search.
Murklor are still sold in Scandinavia. They’re also sold dried. Image credit.
Lorchel and Murklor
A little deeper search, using terms like Murklor (A Scandinavian catch-all term for Morchella, Verpa, and Gyromitra) will further illustrate historical consumption in Europe, and….they even used to be sold canned in Germany, where they’re known as Lorchel. The problem, is that there’s conflicting evidence to the tenability of being a long-term false morel eater.
The alleged problem is that Gyromitra contain a compound that gets metabolized into monomethylhydrazine in the body, which is a carcinogenic compound of rocket fuel that is both contained in the flesh of the mushroom, and apparently gets cast into the air during cooking.
This makes false morels the only mushroom I’d heard of that you could get sick from cooking, even if you don’t eat them. As fascinating as the natural bio-synthesis of fuel components in mushroom form may be, they’re probably not that good to have in your body.
This sounds pretty cut and clear, false morels are bad, obviously, I mean they’re called “false morels”, right? But, if these mushrooms are truly deadly, dangerous, and as terrifying as we make them out to be is just not that simple.
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- Gyromitra (korfii here) can reach amazing size.
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- 1.5 lb in one mushroom.
Amounts of Gyromitrin Can Vary Greatly Between Species
The danger seems to be that the toxin gyromitrin from the mushrooms builds up in your body. To further confuse and compound things, different species of Gyromitra can have very little of the toxin gyromitrin (see G. montana and G. caroliniana), or a lot.
This accounts both for deaths involving eating the mushrooms, and for the anomaly of long time, habitual eaters like our friends in the Upper Peninsula. Now we’re getting somewhere.
Gyromitra caroliniana.
What type do you have?
Within the Gyromitriaceae, you can have a lot of morphological (physical) variation. Here’s some really helpful images put together by Wes Lee, a member of False Morels Demystified.
See a link to the popular morel myth-busting Facebook group at the bottom of the post. And, copy the image below or save them to your phone to help with your identification.
Great information from Wes Lee and Gary Gilbert of False Morels Demystified.
Edibility
In an article for Fungi Magazine, Mycologist Michael P. Bueg writes the following synopsis regarding G. caroliniana and brunea (link to the whole article at the bottom of this post).
“I conclude that Gyromitra
caroliniana and Gyromitra brunnea
(the two species are easily confused)
are probably no more dangerous to
consume than Morchella species”
Bueg’s article is great, and really seems to flay out the deep convolutions (pun intended) of this topic. Gyromitra are at once edible, delicious, and dangerous, but it all has to do with the exact species of Gyromitra being consumed.
Some Gyromitra could contain levels of gyromitrin so low they’re completely edible, some, quite the opposite.
From what I can find, G. caroliniana, brunnea, and montana, and mushrooms in the Gyromitra gigas group are much safer than most well known Gyromitra esculenta.
Bear with me, but the Amanita genus is a good parallel here. Caesar’s Amanita is delicious, and well documented througout history.
Amanita phalloides is known as the death cap, and is deadly. With those two mushrooms, referring to all Amanita species as edible, or deadly, would be seen as crazy, and innacurrate. To find unbiased truth, mushrooms need to be examined species by species.
Gyromitra caroliniana.
Commercial Sale in the U.S.
On a tangeant, after this post went up, I had a mushroom hunter contact me on the condition of anonymity, and request I shared some information. He was a hunter near the West Coast, and, besides morels, his crew picked, and sold Gyromitra montana to brokers, who then sold to wholesalers, and, restaurants in Florida.
The hunter told me over the course of a season, they might pick and sell anywhere from five, to nine thousand pounds of Gyromitra montana commercially. That’s a lot of mushrooms.
Gyromitra esculenta. Growing in an area of burned aspen near Brainerd, MN.
Gyromitra esculenta can be dangerous
For the most part, Gyromitra esculenta, if it isn’t confusing enough having the last part of it’s name as a word meaning edible, is reputed to be the most dangerous as far as the concentration of Gyromitrin/hydrazine.
Even more confusing, is the fact that G. esculenta could possibly be the most widely consumed Gyromitra in the world, as countries that have historically eaten the mushroom are known for consuming the particular species.
While some Gyromitra experts will say, yes, all the gyromitra are edible, and some like Gyromitra caroliniana don’t even need to be boiled before eating, all will agree G. esculenta always needs to be boiled if it’s going to be eaten.
Personally, I’m probably only going to eat caroliniana, brunnea, and korfii, and, of course, morels.
Gyromitra korfii. All Gyromitra have folds inside their stem, morels will always be hollow. Also, note how dirty the stems are, even though they were cleaned in the field. Gyromitra must be carefully cleaned if you don’t want grit.
Cooking, Eating, and Safety
Taking all that into account, and going against just about every ounce of logic my brain had, I knew my curiosity wouldn’t be sated until I tasted one, so I told my friend Alex, a local mushroom hunting savant to be on the look out for them.
A few days later she came around and I had myself some false morels, along with a few sarcastic jeers.
I waited until I had a day off, opened a window, turned on the fan and the hood vent, brought a pot of salted water to a boil with the mushroom, put a lid on top of the pot and tied a rag around my face for fear of the air-borne hydrazine killing or blinding me. I went and sat down in the other room while the Gyromitra simmered away. After a few minutes I could start to smell something in the air, it smelled nice and mushroomy, but that was all.
My friend Patrick said that he had walked into the doctor’s house while he was boiling Gyromitra and could smell the rocket fuel in the air, so I wanted to know if it was true, again, maybe the varying levels in mushrooms can smell different when cooked, I don’t know.
Boiling Gyromitra caroliniana. You probably don’t need to par-boil this species, but I did my first time.
After I could tell my little false morel was totally cooked through, I took it out of the pan, threw away the water, dried it thoroughly (very important since water gets trapped in the cavity of the false morels and will pop and explode in a hot pan), then I fried it in butter and ate it alone, in a dark corner, with a napkin on top of my head to hide my shame from god.
How do they taste?
Here’s the thing about forbidden fruit, it isn’t usually forbidden because it tastes bad. I would be lying if I said eating the Gyromitra didn’t taste very good, these were like eating a giant morel, much better than eating other mushrooms that need par-boiling like Amanita muscaria I’ve had.
The folds inside the stem that are usually a hollow in morels catch and hold all sorts of juices, tasting like tender layers of morel-flavored ruffles. You might be wondering why I would describe how to cook a false morel, below–the answer brings us back to what lead me to these in the first place.
People will continue to eat false morels whether you, me or other mushroom hunters think they should or not. There is a lack of information on the subject though, so I wanted to provide a template with precautions and clear directions people could find to reference.
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- Bugs.
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- Bugs.
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- And more bugs.
Cleaning
Knowing your species, etc, is only half the battle here. When it comes time to cook them, there’s another learning curve—cleaning. Gyromitra korfii that I’ve eaten have lots of folds in their pileus and stem.
Those folds are good for soaking up butter, but can also be infuriating to clean. Like hen of the woods, too, they can also function as shelters for bugs, and even in pristine mushrooms, I regularly have to rinse and look over mushrooms after blanching to make sure there aren’t any cooked slugs, sticks, dirt, or other debris. Yummy, right?
After blanching, cut them in half or into large pieces depening on size, and inspect them, then proceed from there.
Gyromitra caroliniana fried crisp after blanching.
Crispy Gyromitra
Ingredients
Mushrooms
- 8 oz fresh Gyromitra mushrooms
- 3 qts water
- 2 oz unsalted butter or cooking oil
Seasoned flour (think of this as an example, you can use your favorite dredge)
- 1 cup flour
- 1 tablespoon dried ramp leaves crumbled
- 1 tablespoon dried bergamot leaves crumbled
- 1 teaspoon paprika
- ½ teaspoon fresh ground black pepper
Instructions
- Clean the Gyromitra well by trimming any clinging debris from the stems. Cut the mushrooms in half if they’re small and quarter them if they’re large. Diligently inspect the inner folds of the mushroom for pill bugs, spiders, centipedes, and all manner of creatures and evict them.
- Bring the water to a rolling boil, add the mushrooms, put a lid on the pot and cook for 10-15 minutes, depending on how many you’re cooking. Remove the mushrooms to drain, then put them between paper towels to cool, pressing them between towels to remove as much water as possible.
- Combine the ingredients for the flour dredge.
- Sprinkle the Gyromitra on both sides with salt, allow to sit for a minute or two.
- Meanwhile, heat the butter or oil in a wide pan.
- Toss the mushrooms in the flour dredge, tap off the excess, and add them to the pan with the oil.
- Cook the mushrooms until crisp and golden on both sides, then serve, sprinkled with some finishing salt if you want. Lemon wedges can be nice too.
Video
How to Cook False Morels or Gyromitra Mushrooms
Ingredients
- A few tablespoons of unsalted butter or cooking oil
- Gyromitra mushrooms
- water
Instructions
- Inspect the Gyromitra for bugs, debris, and dirt. Clean the mushroom diligently, swishing around in a bowl of cool water as needed to loosen any dirt. Cut it in half if small or quarter them if large and inspect diligently for bugs and debris.
- Open all the windows in your kitchen, and use a kitchen hood fan if available, or use a box fan to blow air out of the kitchen if you're cooking Gyromitra esculenta or others with higher amounts of gyromitrin. (See safety note)
- Bring a pot of water to a rolling boil, add the gyromitra, put a lid on the pot, bring it back to a rolling boil and cook for 10-15 minutes, depending on how many you're cooking, or until they're completely cooked and wilted.
- Remove the Gyromitra. Discard the water. Put the Gyromitra between a few sheets of paper towels and press to get out as much water as possible. Season both sides of the mushrooms with salt.
- Heat the butter in a skillet, like cast iron, and cook the mushroom on medium low heat about, flipping once, for about 5 minutes on each side, or until the mushroom is deeply caramelized and browned, then drain for a moment or two on a paper towel to shed fat, and eat. Sprinkle some extra salt as you eat if you think it needs it.
Video
Notes
Some Gyromitra must be par-boiled before cooking, especially Gyromitra esculenta Ventilation I recommend using ventilation, fans, or a hood vent while par-boiling, but it's in the interest of being overly cautious, and some species are fine cooked in your kitchen, like Gyromitra korfii, brunnea, and caroliniana, for example. Gyromitra esculenta must be par boiled, as well as some others. Some species are reputed to not need par boiling, but you're on your own to experiment there.
Further Resources and Reading on Gyromitra Edibility
Micheal Bueg, Phd: False Morels, an Age-old Question of Edibility
Various Authors: 30 Years of Mushroom Poisonings from the NAMA Registry
Tom Volk: Gyromitra/False Morels.
Although I am aware that par boiling A . muscaria is done by some, I do not think you should in any way encourage this practise. There are likely to be some foragers who fwill thinkthat parboiling other species of Amanita and other genera and species of “toxic” fungi will destroy all the toxins they contain. This is a false and dangerous assumption. I suggest you reread Lincoff’s (and another author whose name escapea me) book on Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Thanks for your thoughts on this. I don’t suggest people eat/boil/fry/bake or consume muscaria in any way, but I think people will try with or without my saying anything on the subject. On a tangeant, In Minnesota, muscaria are dried and sold in Wicca stores under the counter as a very lucrative narcotic business (which I unfortunately used to contribute to, in all honesty). I don’t condone their consumption in any way there are much better mushrooms to eat.
Ive eaten mascaria. It is one of the best mushrooms ive ever had. All the toxins boil off of it. Ypu just have to discard the water. Plus all the toxins of that mushroom will do to you is make you puke and go to sleep or maybe have an hallucination. But i wouldnt recommend it to someone not willing to take a risk. Lol
Yeah I’ve eaten it too, it’s not too bad. I did a podcast (there’s a link on the press page) with a guy that ate muscaria raw. No thanks.
The second author is Mitchell the correct title is closer to Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisons.
Thanks for the article. I enjoyed it completely. In southern Missouri and Illinois we have been eating these for decades without problems. I don’t think that Michigan is alone in it’s addiction. They do tase wonderful, but everyone I know down here doesn’t boil them. I have personally never met a individual that has had a problem with them. I know what they say but I know alot of mushroom hunters and they are all healthy and alive. Thanks again Doug
Thanks Doug. I know lots of people like to eat Gyromitra, and I’d be lying through my teeth if I said it was anything but delicious. That being said, I would get seriously witch hunted if I suggested people eat them, so I err on the side of suggesting caution. This was one of the more interesting cultural/mushroom research projects I’ve done. Fun to hear about you enjoying them down in Missouri and Illinois, I hope someday we know more about them so we can pick out species that don’t pose any sort of health issues, so more people can enjoy the safe species of these interesting mushrooms.
Do you know anything about Helvella crispa? I think it is a very similar phenomenon. I was introduced to these by friends who pick and consume them regularly and I was surprised to learn that they are considered toxic (after having eaten them several times and fed them to friends… oops) because they apparently contain monomethylhydrazine. Of course the cancer risk is a rather long term problem – not like having your liver dissolved within a couple of days – so who knows, perhaps the seeds of disaster have already been planted and I’ll find out in 20 years. There are worse fates.
Do people eat Helvella crispa is North America? Some people do in France, at least.
I do know a bit about them, and I know a number of people that eat them in the U.S., specifically out in Montana, especially the black variety that I don’t see here in MN.
I’ve never had H. crispa, but we have tons of Helvella lacunosa here where I hunt in western Oregon. I’ve been eating it for years. I always dehydrate it first, then use in stir frys or soups.
The Finnish Food and Health agency suhgests that the Gyromitra should be parboiled two times, 5 minutes each, changing the water in the between. However, that might not be true for all of the Gyromitra species in the states, as some of them may contain larger amounts of the toxin. A very tasty spring mushroom though, and a very sought after and expensive thing indeed. If you ever visit Finland in the Spring, try the False Morel soups and the stews, they are exquicite.
Great information, thanks for sharing!
Another Finnish commenter here. I’m mostly chiming in to emphasise the importance of what Manse Mies already said.
Gyromitra esculenta are extremely common in Finland, and during spring season you can see them being sold in marketplaces and even supermarkets with warnings similar to this: https://i.imgur.com/0ARmPct.jpg
They’re delicious, and make for a particularly great soup. They’re also very abundant, and you can often bring back home dozens of kilograms if you find a good spot.
But obviously, they’re extremely dangerous. When eaten raw, they can easily be lethal, and even if you don’t notice any symptoms, you still aren’t in the safe: the toxins will pile up in your body and cause trouble down the line. At the very least kidney damage, at worst, cancer.
All poison in the mushroom is water soluble, though, which is why boiling is as effective as it is. A single parboil should remove about 99% of the poison, rendering it mostly harmless. But to be on the genuinely safe side, ESPECIALLY if you plan to eat them more than just one or two times, you need to parboil them twice.
As Manse Mies said: Parboil once for 5 mins, toss water away, replace it, parboil again for 5 mins, and only then eat. Only that way you’ll get rid of the last 1% of the bad stuff remaining. (Given how popular the mushroom is in Finland, there’s plenty of research about the subject: it’s SAFE to eat this way, if you just do it properly).
Why bother rolling the dice on this when I find more morels than I can eat virtually every spring? I’ve eaten 16 different species of edible mushrooms that I have foraged in MO. There are far too many safe mushrooms to fodage and eat to bother gambling with health or life.
Thanks for commenting Dave, I completely agree people shouldn’t eat Verpa or Gyromitra. Do you have documentation or a link to an article about people dying from pressure cooking morels? I’d be very interested to read that.
Toxicology of Verpa is same as for Morchella.
Would you want to elaborate on what that would mean for someone who might eat a verpa thinking it’s a morel, or interested in doing so? Thanks for your comment, I loved seeing your adventures in Africa via FB.The termite mushrooms in houses and the “Ten tente al dente” were really great.
Thinking about trying my first false morel ! I find them all the time while driving in south Saint Louis and always standing alone big red ones
Just to note – the only species that are known to contain gyromitrin are G. esculenta, G. infula and G. ambigua. Other species “may” have it, but certain species such as G. brunnea; G. caroliniana; G. korfii; G. montana ; G. gigas; G. sphaerospora; & G. fastigiata have either never tested positive for the toxin, or simply have not been tested, as far as I know & can find.
I have been told (and have read) that G. brunnea does not contain gyromitrin, and tastes delicious, But, do your own research, send in mushrooms to get tested yourself if you have the means, & come to your own conclusions.
It would be great to clear this up, species by species, once & for all. It would be a shame to pass up choice edibles just because of a few species & general fear if there is no need to.
Great article as always.
Wow, thats some great info Mitch, thanks for contributing.
Great article! I’m originally from Russia and I remember as a child we have collected both Gyromitra and Morchella mushrooms together as a family and cooked them together. I was little, so I don’t remember if my grandparents cooked them differently, but we ate them all and no poisoning ever occurred. I’m in North America now, and I forgot about them until I saw a few in the forest and started reading about mushrooms again. I guess it also depends on traditions, and people in North America are more cautious for some reason. Lots of misinformation too. I know people, who still live in Russia, have been collecting Gyromitra esculenta for years and cooked them and ate them and still alive and in good health. They do, however boil them twice, 10 – 15 minutes each time, changing water in between, and them fry in butter. Delicious early spring mushroom. There was a question why bother when you can have Morels. But these sometimes appear before Morels and we all miss mushrooms so much through the winter.
Not suggesting anyone to risk it, but like Alan said, people will try either way.
Thank you!
As a Chef first.. And a foreger. Why would you even pick them . leave them in the woods!!!! My “patch” of morels. (6 lbs so far foreged.) And sold to local rerestaurants. And if you are currently eating on eat street or lyndale ave. You are eating my morels and oyster mushrooms. These chefs trust that I am bringing them the best wild mushrooms that Minnesota has to offer. Pleases don’t play with the consumers health. And make a bad name us.
First of all, if you think I’m selling Gyromitra to restaurants, you obviously didn’t read the post. Secondly, I don’t give two shits if you sell mushrooms, or where you sell them too. It’s people like you, that parrot and regurgitate outdated information that give foragers a bad name. I’m spreading knowledge, and asking people not to trust every single guide book (that also often regurtitate outdated information) to open their minds and not throw away the entire Gyromitra genus just because of Gyromitra esculenta, which, as I covered here, has been eaten for a very, very long time regardless, and will continue to be, whether we like it or not. People that eat G. esculenta need to be aware of the possible dangers, and people that spew anti-Gyromitra rhetoric need to get up to date with science.
Didn’t know they were supposed to be parboiled, we’ve always just saute’d them. We only take them when there is nothing else around worth taking as the texture isn’t great. The ones we do pick in Oregon are a shade of lavender/grey and we call them “brain mushrooms”. They may, in fact have a cumulative toxic effect; I wouldn’t know as I have only eaten them for seventy years However, as I said, when the good stuff is out, “We don’t pick’em, but we don’t kick’em.”
I’m happy to hear you’ve been enjoying Gyromitra for so long. The mushrooms you’re describing sound different than Gyromitra esculenta, and, if you have any images, I’d love to share them in a group I’m in that specializes in Gyromitra identification and edibility. We would be able to tell you what the species is exactly.
Would you happen to know of any, updated, or recent, mushroom guide books?
100 Edible Mushrooms by Kuo is a great book, for starters.
He’s got a more recent one, Mushrooms of the Midwest, published 2014.
Thanks Lisa
Very interesting article. I landscape, and one of my helpers pointed out a Gyromitra to me in the front yard of a random house, asking if it was a morel or not. It had a red cap, and I said it was likely a false morel. I came across this article in my attempt to verify that assertion, and I was shocked to find out that they are edible with proper preparation. I suspect the mushroom is G. Carolinia. After reading this article, I am half tempted to go back by that house, and snag a couple of those caps to try eating. Thanks for the great article!.
Thanks for taking the time to look through the article–I’ve tweaked it for years now whenever I find good info to add. The world has been so inundated with fear and misinformation regarding the Gyromitriaceae, it’s time they got the credit as a historical food fungi they deserve.
I’m trying my first false morel right now. I started cooking it before I read this and boiled them twice with a rinse in between but not a lot of water. Then simmered/fried them up. I think I cooked a lot of the flavor out of it lol, but I wanted to be safe. Now I know, thank you for the article.
Thanks for this! Found alot of korfii today and I am excited to try it! I will use your information as great guidlines for preparing them.
Try the gratin. https://foragerchef.com/gyromitra-gratinee/
We have abundant g. montana in the high elevations of our mountains here in Utah. We also have g. esculenta. The g. montanas are excellent and do not require boiling. I would never bother with the g. esculentas since it’s so easy to get the safer g. montanas. Delicious and far more abundant than morchella here if you can get high in the mountains where there is still snow in the spring.Yum!
Our local korfii is supposed to be similar to the montana. I find them to be quite good, not as good as morchella, but good when I’m coming up empty handed.
I found a few false morels growing on rotting logs last week, This is the first time I have seen them other than spring.
Do you mean Helvella?
I have eat the Carolinana variety since I was 5 years old I’m 30 years old now I’ve never pre-boiled the mushrooms how my family prepares them is by slicing them into rings put them in a bowl cover in salt water and soaking them overnight for at least 12 hours rinsing the water out and soaking in fresh water for another 6 hours then rinse and then flower them and deep fry them if they haven’t been soaking long enough they will have a bitter taste but when properly rinsed and washed they’ll actually taste better than morels to me and are more filling than morels and I’ve eaten whole plate full of them with no problems ever
Chris. Yes, eating G. caroliniana without par boiling is pretty well documented, but, because they need very thorough cooking, and because the species is still maligned and listed as poisonous is field guides, I do recommend people blanch them, unless they’re very comfortable with cooking them, as you are. I hope to try them someday.
Do you really want us to BARE with you?
Thanks for letting me know, spellcheck is not an exact science. You might want to check your use of caps too.